Definitions

Definition of planning by different authors  According to Peter Drucker, planning is the process of defining objectives, goals, and action plans for achieving these goals. (Drucker, P.F. (1999). Management Challenges for the 21st Century) Henri Fayol defines planning as the process of determining the future course of action and the means to achieve it. (Fayol, H. (1949). General and Industrial Management) According to George Terry, planning is the process of deciding in advance what to do, when to do it, how to do it, and who is to do it. (Terry, G. (1963). Principles of Management) J.L. McKenney and M. Kacmar define planning as a process in which an organization sets objectives, determines courses of action, and then allocates resources to carry out the courses of action. (McKenney, J.L., & Kacmar, M. (2000). Organizational Behavior) Stephen Robbins states that planning is the process of creating a roadmap to achieve specific goals and objectives. (Robbins, S.P. (2007). F...

Definition of budget by different authors "A budget is a quantitative expression of a plan of action for a defined period of time." - George R. Terry, "Management Principles and Practice" (1955). "A budget is a systematic plan for the allocation of limited resources to meet specific goals." - David A. Garvin and Pankaj Ghemawat, "Competing on Resources: Strategy in the 1990s" (1991). "A budget is a financial plan for a specified period of time, usually a year, which outlines estimated income and expenses." - J. Carlton Collins, "Budgeting for Not-for-Profit Organizations" (2005). "A budget is a plan expressed in monetary terms that outlines expected revenues and expenditures for a specified period of time." - Harold A. Rothbart, "Budgeting for Local Government" (2010). "A budget is a detailed financial plan for a specified period, usually a year, which outlines expected income, expenses, and saving...

Definition of auditing by different authors John Danz, “Auditing: An Accounting Review” (1985) - Defines auditing as a systematic and independent examination of books, accounts, statutory records, documents, and vouchers of an organization to ascertain how far the financial statements, as well as non-financial disclosures, present a true and fair view of the concern. Alvin A. Arens, Randal J. Elder, Mark S. Beasley, “Auditing and Assurance Services: An Integrated Approach” (2021) - Defines auditing as a systematic process of objectively obtaining and evaluating evidence regarding assertions about economic actions and events to ascertain the degree of correspondence between those assertions and established criteria and communicating the results to interested users. K. H. Spencer Pickett, “Auditing: Principles and Techniques” (1978) - Defines auditing as the accumulation and evaluation of evidence about information. ISA 315 (Revised), "Identifying and Assessing the Risks of Material...

Definition of Accounting by Different Authors American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA): “Accounting is the process of identifying, measuring, and communicating economic information to permit informed judgments and decisions by users of the information." (Source: AICPA, n.d.) American Accounting Association (AAA): "Accounting is an information system that measures business activities, processes data into reports, and communicates the results to decision-makers." (Source: AAA, The Definition of Accounting) William R. Scott, author of "Financial Accounting Theory and Analysis: Text and Cases": "Accounting is the process of recording, classifying, and summarizing economic events to provide information that is useful in making business and economic decisions." (Source: Scott, 2012) D.R. Myddleton and D.S. Smith, authors of "Financial Accounting: An Introduction": "Accounting is the process of collecting, processing, and ...

Definition of international trade by different authors: According to The World Bank, international trade refers to "the exchange of goods, services, and capital across borders." (The World Bank, 2021) According to the International Trade Administration of the United States, international trade is defined as "the exchange of goods and services between nations. This trade allows countries to specialize in what they do best and to enjoy a greater variety of goods and services." (International Trade Administration, 2021) In the words of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), international trade refers to the exchange of goods, services, and capital between countries. This exchange is facilitated by the elimination of trade barriers, such as tariffs and quotas, and the promotion of free trade. (Source: International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2017). International trade. IMF) According to the Cambridge Dictionary, international trade is defined as "the exchange of good...